Whole-lesion assessment of volume and signal changes after sclerotherapy of extremity venous malformations.

PURPOSE: To investigate quantitative changes in MRI signal intensity (SI) and lesion volume that indicate treatment response and correlate these changes with clinical outcomes after percutaneous sclerotherapy (PS) of extremity venous malformations (VMs). METHODS: VMs were segmented manually on pre- and post-treatment T2-weighted MRI using 3D Slicer to assess changes in lesion volume and SI. Clinical outcomes were scored on a 7-point Likert scale according to patient perception of symptom improvement; treatment response (success or failure) was determined accordingly. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients with VMs underwent 125 PS sessions. Treatment success occurred in 77 patients (95 %). Mean (±SD) changes were -7.9 ± 24 cm3 in lesion volume and -123 ± 162 in SI (both, P <.001). Mean reduction in lesion volume was greater in the success group (-9.4 ± 24 cm3) than in the failure group (21 ± 20 cm3) (P =.006). Overall, lesion volume correlated with treatment response (ρ = -0.3, P =.004). On subgroup analysis, volume change correlated with clinical outcomes in children (ρ = -0.3, P =.03), in sodium tetradecyl sulfate-treated lesions (ρ = -0.5, P =.02), and in foot lesions (ρ = -0.6, P =.04). SI change correlated with clinical outcomes in VMs treated in 1 PS session (ρ = -0.3, P =.01) and in bleomycin-treated lesions (ρ = -0.4, P =.04). CONCLUSIONS: Change in lesion volume is a reliable indicator of treatment response. Lesion volume and SI correlate with clinical outcomes in specific subgroups.

Clinical Outcomes and Safety Comparison of Vertebroplasty, Balloon Kyphoplasty, and Vertebral Implant for Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vertebral compression fracture represents a major health burden for the aging populations globally. However, limited studies exist on the relative efficacy and safety of surgical interventions for vertebral compression fracture. Here, we aim to compare clinical and patient-reported outcomes following vertebral augmentation using balloon kyphoplasty, vertebroplasty, and SpineJack vertebral implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional review board-approved, retrospective, multi-institutional review of patients undergoing vertebral augmentation with kyphoplasty, vertebroplasty, and/or a SpineJack vertebral implant was performed between 2018 and 2021. Primary outcomes included pre- and postprocedural pain ratings and vertebral body height restoration. The secondary outcome was a change in the local kyphotic angle. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare outcomes across 3 treatment options. Complications were reviewed during and 30-90 days after the procedure. RESULTS: Vertebral augmentation of 344 vertebral compression fracture levels was performed during the study period. Sixty-seven patients had 79 kyphoplasty procedures (55% women; mean age, 64.2 [SD, 12.3] years). Seventy-four patients underwent a mean of 84 vertebroplasty procedures (51% women; mean age, 63.5 [SD, 12.8] years), and 61 patients had a mean of 67 SpineJack vertebral implant procedures (57.4% women; mean age, 68.3 [SD, 10.6] years). Following kyphoplasty, vertebroplasty, and SpineJack vertebral implant, pain scores improved significantly (P < .001). Resting pain improvement was similar across the 3 procedures, whereas improvement of "worst pain" was significantly better following a SpineJack vertebral implant compared with kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty (P < .001). Patients with a SpineJack vertebral implant had greater improvement in vertebral body height restoration and local kyphotic angle compared with those undergoing kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty. Adjacent level fractures (6.7% incidence) occurred similarly in the 3 procedure types. There were no other peri- or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The SpineJack vertebral implant showed equivalent pain improvement compared with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, but it had superior vertebral body height restoration and local kyphotic angle improvement. This study supports the SpineJack vertebral implant as a safe and effective alternative (adjunct) for vertebral augmentation, especially in patients with moderate-to-severe vertebral compression fractures for greater improvement in vertebral body height restoration.

Responsiveness of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Vascular Malformation Questionnaire in Patients with Low-Flow Vascular Malformations.

PURPOSE: To assess the responsiveness, defined as the ability to detect change in a patient's health or function, of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Vascular Malformation (PROVAM) questionnaire in a cohort of patients with low-flow vascular malformations (VMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: PROVAM was previously developed to assess symptoms, functional limitations, and social/emotional effects experienced by patients with VMs. This is a prospective cohort study of 56 patients with venous and lymphatic VMs who completed at least 2 PROVAM questionnaires, of whom 43 had undergone treatment with sclerotherapy in the interim between questionnaires. External responsiveness was assessed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to ascertain whether a change in the total PROVAM score predicts whether patients reported symptom improvement and by correlating the change in the total PROVAM score and change in symptoms reported during clinic visit. Internal responsiveness was evaluated using Wilcoxon signed rank test, Cohen d effect size (ESp), and standard response mean difference (SRM). RESULTS: The total PROVAM score demonstrated excellent discrimination for symptom improvement with an area under the ROC curve of 0.856. There was a statistically significant, moderate positive correlation between the change in the total PROVAM score and the change in patient symptoms as determined from clinical visits (Spearman correlation coefficient [rs] = 0.67, P < .001). The total PROVAM score and all subdomain scores improved significantly after treatment (all P < .05). ESp and SRM were 0.80 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PROVAM is responsive to improvement after treatment and may be useful to assess health-related quality of life in patients treated for VMs.

Clinical Outcomes of Percutaneous Biliary Endoscopy: A 7-Year Single-Institution Experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate safety and effectiveness of percutaneous biliary endoscopy (PBE) performed on patients ineligible for surgery or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was conducted for all patients who underwent PBE at a single academic institution between June 2013 and February 2020; 39 patients underwent 58 choledochoscopy sessions, and 21 patients underwent 48 cholecystoscopy sessions. Choledochoscopy indications included stone removal (23 of 39 patients) or biliary stenosis evaluation (19 of 39 patients). Cholecystoscopy indications included calculous cholecystitis (18 of 21 patients) and symptomatic cholelithiasis (3 of 21 patients). Technical success, procedural and fluoroscopy times, and tube-free survival were assessed. RESULTS: For all PBEs performed for stone clearance, using disposable endoscopes led to shorter mean ± SD procedural (128.7 minutes ± 56.2 vs 240.2 minutes ± 184.6; P < .01) and fluoroscopy times (10.7 minutes ± 7.9 vs 16.5 minutes ± 12.0; P = .01) than using reusable endoscopes. Increasing institutional experience was associated with reduced procedural time (ß = -56.73; P < .001). Choledochoscopy technical success was 94.8% with 1 adverse event of bile duct perforation with bile leak requiring drainage. For patients with choledocholithiasis, biliary drains were removed in 14 (60.9%) patients, with a mean tube-free survival of 22.1 months ± 23.8. For cholecystoscopy, technical success was 93.8% with no adverse events. Cholecystostomy tubes were removed in 15 (71.4%) patients, with a mean tube-free survival of 7.5 months ± 8.8. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports PBE as a safe and feasible option for nonsurgical patients or those with altered anatomy precluding endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Moreover, PBE may result in tube-free survival.

Assessing long-term locoregional control of spinal osseous metastases after microwave ablation.

Osseous metastases to the spine result in significant pain and decreased quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of spinal metastases regarding pain reduction and local control of disease progression. In this single center retrospective study, patients with osseous metastases to the spine undergoing MWA with vertebroplasty from 2013 to 2020 were included. Locoregional control of metabolic activity at the treated level was assessed using PET/CT scan both pre- and post-procedure. Pain reduction was measured using change in visual analog scale (VAS) pain score. Forty-eight spinal levels were treated with MWA in 28 patients (57 % male, mean age 68 ± 9 years). Median ablation time, energy, and temperature were 4 min and 13 s, 3.6 kJ, and 80 °C, respectively. Median pre-procedure maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) was significantly reduced following ablation, from 4.55 (IQR 3.65-6.1) to 0 (IQR 0-1.8; p < 0.001), over an average of 29 ± 14.1 month follow up period. Pre-procedure VAS pain score was reduced from median (IQR) of 8 (6.5-9) to 1(1-2), 2(1-3) and 1(0.5-3) at 24 h, four weeks, and six months post-procedure, respectively (all p < 0.001 with respect to pre-procedure scores). In conclusion, this study supports microwave ablation as an effective technique for pain palliation and long-term locoregional tumor control of oligometastatic spinal disease as assessed by metabolic response.

Percutaneous Cholangioscopy for the Diagnosis and Management of Biliary Pathology in Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Experience.

Transhepatic percutaneous cholangioscopy (PC) can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary pathology. It allows for direct visualization of the biliary system to identify pathologic changes, perform biopsies, and treat biliary obstruction. The effectiveness and safety of PC in adults have been established. However, the data on the use of PC in pediatric patients are limited. In this case series, the outcomes in 4 pediatric patients (3 girls; mean age, 4 [range, 1-8] years) who underwent 6 PC procedures were examined. Three out of the 6 (50%) PC procedures were performed for diagnostic visualization of the biliary tree and/or small intestine, whereas the remaining 3 (50%) were performed for the treatment of biliary obstruction causing chronic cholestasis. The technical and procedural success rate was 100%, and no complications were encountered during or 30 days after the procedure. This study supports the feasibility and safety of PC in pediatric patients for the management of biliary pathology.

Catheter-directed venography for evaluating internal jugular vein pseudo-occlusion.

The incidence and effects of stenosis of the cerebral venous system are poorly understood. When noninvasive computed tomography venography (CTV) of the head and neck suggests complete internal jugular vein (IJV) occlusion, invasive catheter-directed venography can discordantly show venous patency. We compared CTV vs digital subtraction venography (DSV) in the evaluation of patency/occlusion in the suspected IJV and contralateral IJV. We queried the venous intervention database of our U.S. academic tertiary-care hospital to identify patients with complete or near-complete IJV occlusion per CTV from March 1, 2019 to March 1, 2020. We included patients with both noninvasive and invasive imaging of the target segment and the contralateral IJV. Four patients had suspected occlusion of the IJV at the skull base. Invasive catheter-directed venography consisted of DSV to assess direction of flow and vessel caliber, as well as manometry proximal and distal to areas of suspected stenosis. DSV showed patency in all 4 IJVs for which CTV had shown suspected occlusions. CTV findings of the contralateral IJVs were patency (n = 2), moderate stenosis (n = 1), and severe/critical stenosis (n = 1). Contralateral IJV caliber, measured by DSV, was concordant with CTV findings. Median mean-pressure gradients across the apparent occlusion and contralateral segments were 1 (range, 1-4) mmHg and 0 (range, 0-5) mmHg, respectively. Although noninvasive CTV may suggest absence of or attenuated flow within the IJV, this technique may be insufficient to establish complete occlusion. Catheter-directed venography can be used to evaluate patency, vessel caliber, and mean-pressure gradient.

Single-Use versus Reusable Endoscopes for Percutaneous Biliary Endoscopy with Lithotripsy: Technical Metrics, Clinical Outcomes, and Cost Comparison.

PURPOSE: To compare procedure and fluoroscopy time, technical and clinical success, and costs between single-use and reusable endoscopes in patients undergoing percutaneous biliary endoscopy (PBE) with lithotripsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients (67 procedures) were retrospectively included in the study. The patients were treated with PBE for gallstone removal from October 24, 2014, to February 12, 2020, using reusable (28 procedures) or single-use (39 procedures) endoscopes. The procedure time, fluoroscopy time, technical success rate (accessing the biliary system and locating the gallstone), clinical success rate (at least partial gallstone removal), complication rate, and cost of use were compared between the procedures. RESULTS: The mean (± standard deviation) procedure time was not significantly different between single-use (136 minutes ± 45) and reusable endoscopes (136 minutes ± 51) (P = .47). The mean fluoroscopy time was significantly shorter for single-use endoscopes (11 minutes ± 8.4) than for reusable endoscopes (18 minutes ± 12) (P = .01). When comparing single-use versus reusable endoscopes, the technical success (95% [n = 37] vs 93% [n = 26]) and the clinical success (90% [n = 35] vs 75% [n = 21]) rates were not significantly different (both, P > .05). Only 1 complication was noted in the reusable endoscope group (P = .42). The cost per case was lower for single-use ($1,500) than for reusable ($3,987) endoscope procedures, primarily due to differences in capital costs and repair costs. CONCLUSIONS: Single-use endoscopes offer the potential for lower patient radiation exposure and lower cost per case, which may reduce the financial barriers to offering PBE in interventional radiology practices. The clinical and technical success rates did not differ by endoscope type.

Estimating Catchment Populations of Global Health Radiology Outreach Using Geographic Information Systems Analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to design, develop, and test geographic information systems (GIS) analytic methods for quantifying and characterizing catchment populations across all sites served by a radiology global health organization. METHODS: The analysis included populations served by 78 low-resource medical facilities in 32 countries partnered with radiology nonprofit organization, RAD-AID International. Three constraints were used to approximate patient catchment areas: (1) 1-hour driving time, (2) 1-hour walking time, and (3) 10-mile circular radius. GIS calculated populations within each constraint using publicly available geospatial input databases, including a global digital elevation model, population and land cover data, and road locations from OpenStreetMap. Demographic and health data from the World Health Organization were incorporated to provide further characteristics of covered populations. RESULTS: The total populations served by all RAD-AID sites as measured by driving time, walking time, and 10-mile radius were 189,241,193 (47.8% female), 26,190,117 (48.7% female), and 110,884,095 (48.1% female), respectively. For individual locations, median population within 1-hour driving time was 1,795,977 (range: 8,742-30,630,800), with an average life expectancy of 68.4 ± 5.8 years. Median child mortality before age 5 was 3.8% (range: 0.9%-8.3%), and median prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection was 3.1% (range: 0.7%-10.9%). CONCLUSION: In this study, GIS provided a robust multisite analysis for estimating the potential global population reached by an international radiology outreach organization with targeted individual site measurements. Given heightened needs to accurately characterize global outreach populations, this GIS-based approach may be useful for analysis, outreach planning, and resource allocation among global health organizations.

Global health radiology planning using Geographic Information Systems to identify populations with decreased access to care.

BACKGROUND: Communities throughout northern Canada face significant health care disparities including decreased access to radiology. A medical hybrid airship is under development which aims to serve remote populations, requiring strategic outreach planning. This study aims to use geographic information systems (GIS) to identify (1) high risk and medically underserved patient populations in northern Canada and (2) potential landing sites for a medical airship to allow for mobile delivery of radiology services. METHODS: The northern region of Canada extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean was analyzed using multi-variable, multi-weighted GIS modeling. Based on population distance from hospitals (50% weight), health centers (eg, clinic; 30% weight), remote communities (not connected to electric grid; 10% weight), and roads (10% weight), individuals were stratified into one of five health care accessibility index (HAI) categories (ranging from very low to very high severity). HAI (80% weight) was combined with population density (20%) to create a health care access severity index (HASI). Topographic and land cover data were used to identify suitable landing sites for the medical airship. A coordinate data set was made from georeferenced health care facilities, and infrastructure data was obtained from OpenStreetMap. RESULTS: GIS analyzed 815 772 Canadians. Of this population, 522 094 (64%) were found to live ≥60 km from a hospital, 326 309 (40%) were ≥45 km from the nearest health center, 65 262 (8%) were within 30 km of a remote community, and 57 104 (7%) lived ≥1 km from the nearest road. Combined, the HASI identified 44% of the population as having decreased access to care (high or very high severity). Lastly, 27.5% of land analyzed was found to be suitable for airship operations. CONCLUSIONS: GIS identified medically underserved populations in northern Canada who may benefit from mobile radiology services. These techniques may help to guide future global health outreach efforts.

Increasing Consulting Fee Payments to Interventional Radiologists in the United States From Industry, 2014 to 2018: Analysis of the Open Payments Database.

PURPOSE: To evaluate trends in consulting fees from industry to US-based interventional radiologists from 2014 to 2018. METHODS: Payments to interventional radiologists from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, were analyzed from the CMS Open Payments Database. Payment type, total consulting fee payments per year and total payment per physician, and aggregate payments per company were analyzed before and after adjustment for outliers. RESULTS: Over the 5-year period, a total of $79.8 million was paid from industry to interventional radiologists, of which $17.6 million (22.1%) represented consulting fees. Per physician, the median total yearly amount paid as consulting fees was $5,050. Consulting fees increased from a total of $2.8 million per year in 2014 to $4.6 million per year in 2018 (+65%). After adjustment for outliers, consulting fee payments rose from $1.8 million to $3.5 million (+94%). The number of physicians paid each year increased from 156 to 219 physicians and the median payment increased from $4,327 to $5,419. Before ($5,118,966) and after adjustment, Sirtex Medical Inc paid the highest total aggregate consulting fee payments per year to self-identified interventional radiologists. After expansion to include both interventional and diagnostic radiologists by specialty type, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp ($21,505,861) and Pfizer Inc ($11,798,255) followed by Sirtex Medical Inc ($8,276,818) paid the highest total aggregate in consulting fees. CONCLUSION: Total consulting fees to interventional radiologists increased between 2014 and 2018 by 65%, driven by both the increased number of physicians paid consulting fees and the increased average payment amount.

Clinical outcomes and safety of the SpineJack vertebral augmentation system for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures in a United States patient population.

The SpineJack implant system was recently FDA approved for treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCF), however United States-based outcomes data is lacking. We sought to examine the safety and clinical outcomes following vertebral augmentation using the SpineJack implant for treatment of VCF in a U.S. patient population. An IRB-approved, retrospective study of SpineJack implants used in vertebral augmentation was performed from 11/2018 to 2/2020. Outcome objectives included pain improvement, vertebral body height (VH) restoration, improvement in local kyphotic angle (LKA), and incidence of adjacent level fractures (ALF). Complications were reviewed to assess safety of the procedure. Thirty patients with VCF (60% female; mean [SD] age of 62.7 [±12.8] years) underwent a total of 53 vertebral augmentations with 106 SpineJack implants. Worst pain scores decreased significantly from 8.7 to 4.3 (95%CI of the change [Δ]: 4.3-4.4; p < 0.001). Middle and anterior VH significantly increased from 13.1 ± 0.2 to 15.9 ± 0.2 mm (95%CI Δ: 2.6-2.9 mm; p < 0.001) and 15.6 ± 0.2 to 16.8 ± 0.2 mm (95%CI Δ: 1.1-1.4 mm; p < 0.001), respectively. LKA was significantly decreased from 10.0 ± 2.1 to 7.4 ± 2.1 degrees (95%CI Δ: 2.4-2.8 degrees; p < 0.001). Four patients (13%) sustained ten ALF over a median (IQR) follow up period of 94 (17.5-203) days. There were no major adverse events during the follow up period. To summarize, vertebral augmentation with SpineJack implants of patients with VCF resulted in significantly decreased pain, restored VH, and improved LKA, without major adverse events. However, 13% of patients sustained ALF during a median follow up period of 3 months.

When More Is Better: Underused Advanced Imaging Exams That Can Improve Outcomes and Reduce Cost of Care.

Appropriate use of resources is a tenet of care transformation efforts, with a national campaign to reduce low-value imaging. The next level of performance improvement is to bolster evidence-based screening, imaging surveillance, and diagnostic innovation, which can avert more costly, higher-risk elements of unnecessary care like emergent interventions. Clinical scenarios in which underused advanced imaging can improve outcomes and reduce total cost of care are reviewed, including abdominal aortic aneurysm surveillance, coronary artery disease diagnosis, and renal mass characterization. Reliable abdominal aortic aneurysm surveillance imaging reduces emergency surgery and can be driven by radiologists incorporating best practice standardized recommendations in imaging interpretations. Coronary computed tomography angiography in patients with stable and unstable chest pain can reduce downstream resource use while improving outcomes. Preoperative 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) reliably distinguishes oncocytoma from renal cell carcinoma to obviate unnecessary nephrectomy. As technological advances in diagnostic, molecular, and interventional radiology improve our ability to detect and cure disease, analyses of cost effectiveness will be critical to radiology leadership and sustainability in the transition to a value-based reimbursement model.

Propranolol Therapy in Infantile Hemangioma: It Is Not Just About the Beta.

BACKGROUND: Propranolol, a nonselective ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat problematic infantile hemangiomas, but a subset of patients experience treatment complications. Parents wary of long-term use and side effects consult plastic surgeons on surgical options or as a second opinion. Understanding the mechanism(s) of action of propranolol will allow plastic surgeons to better inform parents. METHODS: A systemic literature search was performed to query published translational and basic science studies on propranolol effects on infantile hemangiomas and cells derived from these lesions. RESULTS: In experimental studies, propranolol was antiproliferative and cytotoxic against hemangioma endothelial and stem cells and affected infantile hemangioma perivascular cell contractility. Propranolol inhibited migration, network formation, vascular endothelial growth factor A production, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activation and down-regulated PI3K/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in hemangioma endothelial cells, but it increased ERK1/2 activity in hemangioma stem cells. At effective clinical doses, measured propranolol plasma concentration is 100 times higher than necessary for complete ß-adrenergic receptor blockade, yet was 10 to 100 times less than required to induce hemangioma stem cell death. CONCLUSIONS: Propranolol targets multiple cell types in infantile hemangiomas by means of ß-adrenergic receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Plasma concentration played a significant role. At clinically relevant doses, incomplete infantile hemangioma suppression may explain the rebound phenomenon and worsening ulceration, and propranolol off target effects may lead to commonly reported adverse effects, such as sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. Propranolol limitations and complications underscore the importance of surgical treatment options in cases of rebound and severe adverse effects. Surgical intervention remains an important treatment choice when parents are hesitant to use propranolol.

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Vascular Malformation Questionnaire: A Prospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Vascular Malformation (PROVAM) questionnaire to assess the health-related quality of life in patients with vascular malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed and validated PROVAM using a mixed methods design during a prospective clinical trial at a vascular anomalies clinic. From July 2019 to February 2020, 108 consecutive patients completed 130 questionnaires. The 30-item instrument assessed the domains of pain, emotional/social well-being, functional impact, and treatment satisfaction. Two additional items assessed ease of understanding and relevance. The primary outcomes of instrument reliability and validity were evaluated across several indices. The secondary outcome of responsiveness evaluated total score changes for patients who completed questionnaires both before and after treatment. RESULTS: Instrument reliability, as measured by Cronbach alpha, was ≥0.79 for pain, emotional/social well-being, and functional impact domains. Primary domain structure was confirmed by factor analysis (P <. 001) and convergent construct validity for all but 1 Likert scale item. In the subgroup analysis of 13 participants who completed PROVAM before and after treatment, instrument responsiveness, as measured by the total score, showed a significant decrease (median, -10 points; interquartile range [IQR], -3 to -16; P = .04). Participants found the questions easy to understand (median, 5 points; IQR, 4-5 on a 5-point scale) and relevant (median score, 4; IQR, 3-5). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary data support the reliability and validity of PROVAM in measuring the health-related quality of life in patients with vascular malformations.

Thinking ahead: gallbladder intussusception following transperitoneal percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement.

Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is a common minimally invasive, image-guided procedure performed primarily on high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis for gallbladder decompression. Herein, we present a case of a patient undergoing PC placement using a transperitoneal approach. On subsequent upsizing attempts, the gallbladder fundus was found to invaginate during advancement of replacement drains, causing gallbladder intussusception. The use of a balloon and locked pigtail catheter were required to reposition the gallbladder to proper position. The patient's planned percutaneous cholecystoscopy was delayed by 4 weeks until intended upsizing could be performed. This case demonstrates the advantage of achieving transhepatic gallbladder access to support tract formation and limit procedural complications.